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什么是正念?

April 15, 2024 Annabelle Psychology

Read in English

在日常生活中如何练习正念? 

正念是关注于当下体验的一种状态,它分为内在和外在两种。练习正念尤为重要,这是因为我们时常在做事情的时候放空,或者因为各种事情而陷入忧虑,想太多或者分心,导致我们无法全心全意地活在当下。 

练习正念并没有所谓的终点或者结果。正念本身就是关注当下时刻的体验。当我们不沉浸在过往或者未来的担忧时,我们往往就能感到平静。 

正念可以通过简单的活动来练习,这些活动都可以在我们的日常生活中经常做的: 

1. 呼吸 

1. 舒适地坐在椅子上。你可以选择闭眼或者睁开眼睛 

2. 开始呼吸。留意空气从你的鼻腔进入,然后到达你的肺部 

3. 感觉空气的温度,是温暖的还是凉爽的呢 

4. 然后通过嘴巴呼出空气。留意空气离开你的肺部时,你的胸腔和腹部会缩小 

5. 重复以上步骤一分钟 

2. 散步 

1. 选择一个地方开始行走,例如公园或郁郁葱葱的地方都会有帮助。但如果你无法找到地方也没关系,无论你身处何地都一样适用。 

2. 当你行走时,观察你的四周环境。环境中有各种颜色,有深色的,也有浅色的事物。那些事物在你的视野中的什么位置呢? 

3. 注意你的呼吸。感受空气的温度 - 是温暖还是凉爽的? 

4. 轻轻触摸你的耳垂,听听你周围的声音。找出一个你听到的声音。 

5. 停下脚步;闭上眼睛。尝试聆听那个声音几秒钟。你听到了什么? 

6. 再次睁开眼睛。当你环顾四周时,观察你的目光所及的任何一样物体。详细观察那个物体的细节。 

7. 现在继续行走。当你走路时,你的脚步声是什么样的?你能感觉到微风吗? 

8. 利用你的眼睛、耳朵、皮肤、脚、鼻子来做以下观察: 

“你要走去什么方向?你周围有什么?有没有花朵?周围有多少人?地上有什么?地板是湿的还是干的?天气是晴天还是多云?地板上有没有标记?你能听到任何自然的声音吗 - 有鸟吗?你的脚哪个部位先着地?你有没有拖着脚走?” 

9. 注意你的脚趾、脚、腿、手臂、胸部的动作。注意你的眼神的方向。 

3. 洗手 

1. 打开水龙头,把手放在流动的水下。感觉以下水的温度。是凉的还是热的? 

2. 慢慢在流动的水下摩擦双手。感受双手之间的水流,感受在双手来回摩擦时,手掌如何相互接触。 

3. 听着流水的声音。当你的手放在水龙头下时,水的声音是怎样的? 

4. 看看你的手:你能观察手上的印记、疤痕、纹路、指甲吗? 

5. 专注于用你的眼睛、耳朵、手、手掌进行观察洗手的过程: 

“肥皂的颜色是什么?你如何描述它的气味?当你开始洗手时,你首先做什么动作?肥皂起泡了吗?它变成什么颜色?水是温的还是冷的?你的皮肤变成了什么颜色?你能看到皮肤上的不同色调吗?” 

4. 身体扫描 

1. 躺在一个舒适的位置上。如果你在户外的话可以选择仰面朝上。如果你无法躺下,可以坐在椅子上并且双脚放在地上。 

2. 开始呼吸但身体保持静止。你也可以不时地调整姿势。当你吸气和呼气时,注意呼吸的节奏以及你的胸膛上下起伏的节奏。你不必改变平时呼吸的方式或者特地屏住呼吸,只需要维持对呼吸的感知。 

3. 现在闭上眼睛。将注意力放在你的身体上的感觉。例如你的衣服在皮肤上的质感,以及你头部、背部和腿部与你所处表面接触的感觉。 

4. 想象你位于身体之外观察着自己。首先看你的脚趾。当你从身体外部看着你的脚趾时,你感觉如何?现在抬头,逐渐从下往上看: 

  • 你的脚趾和脚掌; 

  • 小腿和小腿肚; 

  • 膝盖; 

  • 大腿; 

  • 盆骨区域(臀部、尾骨、骨盆骨、生殖器); 

  • 腹部; 

  • 胸部; 

  • 下背部; 

  • 上背部(背肋骨和肩胛骨); 

  • 手部(手指、手掌、背部、手腕); 

  • 手臂(下部、肘部、上部); 

  • 颈部、面部和头部(下巴、嘴、鼻子、脸颊、耳朵、眼睛、额头、头皮、头部的后部); 

  • 最后是位于头顶的“喷气孔” - 想象一个空气进出的地方,就像鲸鱼的喷气孔。 

5. 交谈 

这是最后一个练习。正念倾听是一项重要的技能,因为人们总是渴望被聆听还有关注,但很少有人能做到这点。正念倾听也为我们提供了将注意力从自己身上转移到发言者的机会。 

1. 聚集你的朋友和/或家人。一起坐在一个舒适的空间里 

2. 想一想你最近经历过的一件令人感到紧张的事件。然后轮流发言,与小组分享那件紧张的事件是什么 

3. 如果你在说话,请毫无保留地表达,不要担心别人会对你评头论足。如果你在倾听,请专心聆听,不要对发言者带有偏见或者意见 

4. 注意你的身体感觉,自己的感受以及在每个人说话之前、期间和之后闪过你脑海里的想法 

提示: 

1. 为每个活动预留出几分钟的时间(至少为小组活动留出20分钟)。这确保你有足够的时间完全沉浸在正念体验中 

2. 在每个活动中,专注于至少三种感官(视觉、味觉、嗅觉、触觉、听觉) 

3. 不要试图“排斥”不想要的思维或干扰 

4. 只需意识到闪过你脑海的思维或干扰并且接受它们的存在 

5. 让你所经历的任何感觉或情绪保持当下的状态 

6. 然后将你的注意力重新集中到正念上和意识你处的位置 

7. 尽管在正念活动中经历干扰是正常的,但要练习将注意力重新集中到正念练习上。专注于你的感官有助于重新引导注意力。通过练习,你将能够毫不费力地将注意力转移到你选择的体验上 

8. 记住以开放和无偏见的方式对待正念练习。将你的经历视为它们所是,并接受你可能会经历的干扰、想法甚至是评判 - 这些是正常的,也是正念练习的一部分 

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